The Evaluation and comparison of the effects and complications of escitalopram and citalopram on depression in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis referring to university hospitals in Yazd

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Psychiatry, Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences,Shahid Sadoughi, University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran

2 Deparment of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi, University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Background: This study compared the efficacy of citalopram and escitalopram in treating depression among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis.
 
Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 46 patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. The depression rating scale used was the Hamilton Depression Questionnaire. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the citalopram group (n=24) and the escitalopram group (n=22), and they underwent a 6-week treatment. Drug side effects were assessed and recorded at the conclusion of the study period. Demographic variables such as age, gender, duration of depression, duration of dialysis, marital status, and educational level were also collected. The data were then analyzed using statistical tests.
 
Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender distribution (p=0.404), marital status (p=0.155) and educational level (p=0.329). Also, no significant difference was found between the mean variables: age (p=0.478), duration of depression (p=0.485) and duration of dialysis (p=1.000). There was no significant difference between the mean depression score before treatment in the two groups (p = 0.107) and after treatment in the two groups (p = 0.412). But the mean depression score after treatment compared to before treatment was significantly lower in both groups (p=0.000). Also, no significant difference was found between the frequency of drug side effects in the two groups (p=0.292).
 
Conclusion: According to results, it can be concluded that both drugs have been shown to improve depression in in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis and are not different in their efficacy and side effects.

Trial registration: IRCT20200304046698N1

 

Keywords


Acknowledgements: This article has been derived from psychiatry MD Thesis. This thesis has not been financially supported.

Availability of data and materials:  There is no availability of data and materials.

Conflicts of interests: No conflict of interest has been mentioned by the authors.

Consent for publication: There is consent for publication.

Ethics approval and consent to participate:  This study was approved by Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University (Number: IR.SSU.MEDICINE.1398.115). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Financial disclosure: There is no financial disclosure.

Author contributions: M.A, and A.J carried out the experiment. F.H wrote the manuscript with support from P.R, and R.H. P.R supervised the project. F.H conceived the original idea.

 

Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. Feroze U, Martin D, Reina-Patton A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Mental health, depression, and anxiety in patients on maintenance dialysis. Iran J Kidney Dis 2010; 4(3): 173-180.
 
2. Ammirati AL. Chronic kidney disease. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2020 Jan 13;66:s03-9.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s1.3
PMid:31939529
 
3. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry.2010;67:446-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033
PMid:20015486
 
4. Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C. Pharmacologic treatment of acute major depression and dysthymia. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:738-742.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-9-200005020-00010
PMid:10787369
 
5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; fifth edition. American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC: 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
 
6. Tayyebi A, Babahaji M, Ebadi A, Eynollahi B. Study of the effect of Hatha Yoga exercises on stress, anxiety and depression among hemodialysis patients. International Journal of Critical Care Nursing 2011; 4(2): 67-72.
 
7. Palmer SC, Vecchio M, Craig JC, Tonelli M, Johnson DW, Nicolucci A, et al. Association between depression and death in people with CKD: a meta‐analysis of cohort studies. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2013;62(3):493‐505.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.369
PMid:23623139
 
8. Ravaghi H, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Taheri Mirghaed M, Aryankhesal A, Salemi M, Bragazzi NL. Prevalence of Depression in Hemodialysis Patients in Iran: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Iran J Kidney Dis. 2017 Mar;11(2):90-98.
 
9. Biris A, Messinis L, Antoniadis G, Skarli V. Quality of life, Spouse Marital adjustment and Depression in a sample of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients in Greece. Hippokratia 2006; 6(1): 56-61.
 
10. Cohen SD, Kimmel PL. Nutritional status, psychological issues and survival in hemodialysis patients. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;155:1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000100952
PMid:17369709
 
11. Walters BA, Hays RD, Spritzer KL, et al. Health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, anemia, and malnutrition at hemodialysis initiation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;40:1185-1194.
https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.36879
PMid:12460037
 
12. Lopes AA, Albert JM, Young EW, et al. Screening for depression in hemodialysis patients: associations with diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2047-2053.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00977.x
PMid:15496178
 
13. Fischer MJ, Kimmel PL, Greene T, et al. Socioeconomic factors contribute to the depressive affect among African Americans with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2010;77:1010-1019.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.38
PMid:20200503 PMCid:PMC3114445
 
14. Palmer SC1, Natale P, Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Rabindranath KS, Craig JC, Strippoli GF.Antidepressants for treating depression in adults with end‐stage kidney disease treated with dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 23;(5):CD004541.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004541.pub3
 
15. Laux G. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. InNeuroPsychopharmacotherapy 2021 (pp. 1-13). Cham: Springer International Publishing.2021;1-13
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_413-1
 
16. Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse effects: a narrative review. Neurology international. 2021 Aug 5;13(3):387-401.
https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint13030038
PMid:34449705 PMCid:PMC8395812
 
17. Chiappini S, Vickers-Smith R, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Martinotti G, Schifano F. A focus on abuse/misuse and withdrawal issues with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): analysis of both the European EMA and the US FAERS pharmacovigilance databases. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 May 1;15(5):565.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15050565
PMid:35631391 PMCid:PMC9146999
 
18. Ghaffari Darab M, Hedayati A, Khorasani E, Bayati M, Keshavarz K. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression disorder treatment: an umbrella review on systematic reviews. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice. 2020 Oct 30;24(4):357-70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2020.1782433
PMid:32667275
 
19. Dunham KE, Venton BJ. SSRI antidepressants differentially modulate serotonin reuptake and release in Drosophila. Journal of neurochemistry. 2022 Sep;162(5):404-16.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15658
PMid:35736504 PMCid:PMC9427694
 
20. Boulenger, A. K. T. Huusom, I. Florea, T. Bækdal & M. Sarchiapone. A comparative study of the efficacy of long-term treatment with escitalopram and paroxetine in severely depressed patients.2006;22(7).
https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X115513
PMid:16834832
 
21. Bazire S. Psychotropic Drug Directory. The professionals' pocket handbook and aide memoire. Lloyd-Reinhold Communications LLP.2012:pp 89-90.
 
22. PSM Healthcare Limited. Citalopram tablets. New Zealand datasheet May 2015.www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/c/citalopramtab.pdf (Accessed 28-04-16).
 
23. Azorin JM1, Llorca PM, Despiegel N, Verpillat P. [Escitalopram is more effective than citalopram for the treatment of severe major depressive disorder]. Encephale. 2004 Mar-Apr;30(2):158-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95427-9
PMid:15107719
 
24. Yevtushenko VY1, Belous AI, Yevtushenko YG, Gusinin SE, Buzik OJ, Agibalova TV. Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram versus citalopram in major depressive disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study in adult outpatients. Clin Ther. 2007 Nov;29(11):2319-32.30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.11.014
PMid:18158074
 
25. Yazici AE, Erdem P, Erdem A, Yazici K, Acar ST, Basterzi AD, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram in depressed patients with end stage renal disease: an open placebo‐controlled study [Depresyonu olan son donem bobrek yetmezligi hastalarinda essitalopramin etkinligi ve tolerabilitesi: Bir acik lacebo kontrollu calisma]. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2012;22(1):23‐30.
https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120215011558
 
26. Nagler EV, Webster AC, Vanholder R, Zoccali C. Antidepressants for depression in stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety with recommendations by European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(10):3736-45
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs295
PMid:22859791
 
27. Li H, Li T, Li G, Luo J. Citalopram and escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis of 3 clinical trials. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;26(4):281-7.
 
28. Montgomery S, Hansen T, Kasper S. Efficacy of escitalopram compared to citalopram: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Mar 1;14(2):261-8.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S146114571000115X
PMid:20875220
 
29. Gorman JM, Korotzer A, Su G. Efficacy comparison of escitalopram and citalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder: pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials. CNS spectrums. 2002 Apr;7(S1):40-4.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900028595
PMid:15131492
 
30. Sánchez C, Bøgesø KP, Ebert B, Reines EH, Braestrup C. Escitalopram versus citalopram: the surprising role of the R-enantiomer. Psychopharmacology. 2004 Jul; 174:163-76.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1865-z
PMid:15160261